Thirteen Reasons Why Free Essays

Jay Asher grew up in California, and has always had a thing for books. Growing up, he worked in several different book stores and libraries. He attended Cuesta college right after he graduated high school, majoring in elementary education. We will write a custom essay sample on Thirteen Reasons Why or any similar topic only for you Order Now He then transferred to California Polytechnic State University where he left in his senior year. He decided he wanted to pursue a career as a serious writer. Thirteen Reasons Why is Jay’s first novel, and it has won several awards. Jay is 34 years old, and has been married for eight years. Asher used a way of telling this story that was easily interpretable for many teens. The style was a two-part narration between two characters, throughout the chapters as opposed to alternating every other chapter. By doing this, it really made you want to keep reading. The reason I chose this particular book was because it was recommended by my very close friend. We share many interests, so she knew I’d enjoy this novel just as much as she did. The short summary on the inside cover had a way of drawing you in, and I could not wait to start reading. I felt that it deals with a very serious and dangerous issue; it was incredibly compelling. The author uses an interesting way to make this story contemporary, and stay contemporary. He used already â€Å"outdated† elements in a contemporary setting to make this a virtually ageless book. Cassette tapes were a major item in this novel, and Asher had the characters acknowledge that they were outdated. He did this with other items and ideas as well, such as the kinds of cars people drove. The setting of the story took place in a small town, which the author chooses to leave unnamed. Throughout the story the main character visits various houses, stores, and other buildings that had certain significance. There are many very important characters in this book. The two main characters however, are two high school juniors; Clay Jensen and Hannah Baker. Hannah Baker makes seven cassette tapes, with 13 different stories on them. The stories tell the reasons, incidents, and people that ultimately caused her suicide. Hannah retells stories about each person on the tapes; she tells them in such a way that you can really relate, and understand where she’s coming from. Clay Jensen, the other main character, is on these tapes. As the reader, you go through the tapes with Clay. You see his reactions to Hannah’s words first hand. Just as with Hannah, Clay’s reactions are very understandable and relatable. The author made it very easy to feel both character’s pain. â€Å"You don’t know what goes on in anyone’s life but your own. And when you mess with one part of a person’s life, you’re not messing with just that part. Unfortunately, you can’t be that precise and selective. When you mess with one part of a person’s life, you’re messing with their entire life. Everything . . . affects everything.† The overall theme of this novel is to think about how what you say or do can affect others. In Hannah’s case, everything affected her. You can never really know how what you do affects someone; everyone is different. One main message that Jay Asher wants people to get from this book is to think about your actions, before you act. Think about how what you do might be adding to someone’s pain, because you don’t know if they are already hurting. Asher’s style was a very captivating one. He had a way of writing this novel that would really grab the reader’s attention. Just his wordings, really made you think. Also, his ability to make the characters situations and emotions relatable made the book a real page-turner. From the second you pick up Thirteen Reasons Why, you are hooked. Jay Asher is an absolutely phenomenal young adult author. Another book that compares with this one is the novel by Stephen Chbosky, The Perks of Being a Wallflower. These two books are similar in the sense that they are easily relatable. Both novels deal with very serious, real life issues. Both novels tell it like is. No issue is too serious to be discussed with these authors, because it’s all real, which is why teenagers are attracted to them. The characters seem so real, that you actually feel their pain, and everything they go through. They are portrayed as if they have been your friend for years. Thirteen reasons why, the novel by Jay Asher has won several awards. Each award is rightly his. This book was incredibly inspirational, with so many memorable quotes. I would definitely recommend this novel, and I already have. Anyone who is interested in a good book, this is for them. Regardless of age or gender, the messages this book has will come through. How would you react if you found out you were a contributing factor in the suicide of your classmate? Jay Asher really goes in depth, and you will not be able to put this book down. How to cite Thirteen Reasons Why, Essay examples

Security Issues – IPv6

Question: Describe about the Report for Security Issues IPv6. Answer: Lets begin the journey of over pondering on security issues for IPv6, and available conclusion for the same. Here what you will gain from these tips - Although IPv6 is a wellbeing empowered convention; relocation from IPv4 can make new dangers and debilitate an organization's security strategy. In this tip, get some answers concerning the capacity risks and how to make certain a simple move without endangering your association's security. On the off chance that you haven't thought around the effect of IPv6 on your group's security, it's a great opportunity to start addressing! The option for the admired IPv4 convention is currently being used on the web and may even exist in your group without your data. Here is a gander at a portion of the security ramifications of IPv6. You are most likely mindful of the rising power at the back of the furor to IPv6 we're walking around of IP manage space! The current 32-bit tending to plot used by IPv4 lets in for an astounding 4.3 billion specif ic locations. Regardless of the way that that seems like bounty, bear in mind that there are around 6.4 billion people on our planet. Really, one and all doesn't have an IP manage, yet those that do may have two or three among home and work structures, IP-empowered telephones, and diverse system cognizant devices. The quick blast of a period in rising markets, particularly inside the Asian-Pacific territory, requests another supply of IP manage space (Deep Kaur, 2015). Web Protocol variant 6 (IPv6) is the up and coming era of convention characterized by InternetEngineering Task power (IETF) to supplant the leaving IPv4 convention. At present, the greater part of Internet clients are as yet utilizing IPv4 convention, and given that a large portion of current systems administration applications and system gear keep running in IPv4 situations, the relocation from IPv4 to IPv6 can't be refined overnight. It is unsurprising that the movement will be a long haul process (it is determined that the procedure will take 10 - 20 years). Amid the relocation, IPv4 and IPv6 will exist together in a same system. This movement procedure postures new difficulties on the switches that are the center hardware in IP system. Customary switches can't suit new future system with IPv4/v6 conjunction. The switches must be enhanced and overhauled with the goal that they can bolster both IPv4 and IPv6.Given that the center switch is vital and conveys colossal Internet traffi cs, it must have the capacity to bolster IPv6 sending at wire rate. It implies ASIC chip, yet not programming is utilized to bolster IPv6 parcel preparing. In the meantime, it is vital that this backing can't yield any IPv4 execution. All things considered, the vast majority of current traffics is IPv4. The center switch must grow to bolster IPv6 directing tables and needs to bolster IPv6 steering conventions, for example, BGP4+, OSPFv3, ISISv6, RIPng and so forth. It needs to bolster some relocation procedure from IPv4 to IPv6, for example, Tunnel, Dual Stack, Translation and so forth. IPv6 solves this problem by using the usage of 128-bit addressing. That allows for a complete of 3.4 x 1038 addresses- a quantity that must preserve us from running out for a long term. (In spite, when they said whilst IPv4 got here out!) So, what does the emergence of IPv6 imply to security practitioners? Lets examine five precise IPv6 safety issues that impact our work: Security practitioners want education/schooling on IPv6. IPv6 will go to the systems under your control it's just a rely on upon of time. likewise with any new systems administration innovation, it is crucial which you take in the fundamentals of IPv6, particularly the tending to plan and conventions, that permits you to encourage episode adapting to and related exercises(DERA issues free virus protection, 2001). Safety gear needs to be upgraded. IPv6 isn't backward well suited. The equipment and programming used to way guests all through systems and complete wellbeing investigations won't artistic creations with IPv6 guests until they're moved up to varieties that help the convention. This is specifically basic to recollect as to edge security gadgets. Switches, firewalls, and interruption identification structures may likewise require programming and/or equipment overhauls so that you can "talk" IPv6. Many producers have already got those improvements to be had. For instance, Cisco networking devices support IPv6 as of IOS release 12.0S(Eom, 2007). Existing equipment may require additional configuration. The gadgets that do guide IPv6 normally deal with it as a wholly divide protocol (as they should). Consequently, the get entry to organize lists, regulation bases, and other arrangement parameter may additionally want to be reevaluated and translate to assist an IPv6 atmosphere. Contact the precise producers for precise commands Tunneling protocols create new risks. The systems administration and assurance bunches have put time and vitality in guaranteeing that IPv6 is a protection empower principle. In any case, one of the best perils natural in the relocation is the use of burrowing convention to bolster the move to IPv6. These conventions authorize the epitome of IPv6 guests in IPv4 records tributary for directing through mutinous contraptions. Subsequently, it's practical that clients for your system can begin going for strolls IPv6 the utilization of these burrowing convention before you're prepared to confidently bolster it in assembling. In the event that this is a subject, square IPv6 burrowing conventions (alongside sitting down, ISATAP, 6to4 and others) at your border (Huang and McKinley, 2003). This system is use in interfacing two separate systems normally connected in point to point organizing. This permits parcel of IPv6 to be transmitted over the present IPv4 system framework. This system grants association to move some portion of its system to IPv6 while the others are as yet working on the IPv4 spine. With this procedure, isolates IPv6 system can legitimately associate with the spine switch until it is expected for supplanting with IPV6 perfect hardware. It likewise permits systems running on IPv6 to work notwithstanding when the Service Providers are running on IPv4 as it were. There are two sorts of burrowing in particular: manual and programmed burrowing. Manual Tunnel: This includes physically arrangements of the end frameworks of IPv4 and IPv6 with the right open IP addresses. Programmed burrowing: It empowers confined IPv6 system to interface over existing IPv4 foundation. This association does not should be overseen or regulated straightforwardly on the grounds that the IPV4 system is dealt with as principal connection. The Ipv4 location is embedded intoIPv6 address in other to find the burrowing destination. IPv6 autoconfiguration creates addressing complexity. Auto design, another intriguing IPv6 trademark, grants structures to routinely advantage a group bargain without executive mediation. IPv6 bolsters exceptional auto arrangement procedures. The tasteful auto design makes utilization of DHCPv6, a straightforward enhance to the front line DHCP convention, and would not reflect loads of a distinction from an assurance point of view. Be that as it may, hold an eye settled on stateless auto setup. This procedure permits frameworks to create their own one of a kind IP locations and exams for an arrangement with duplication. This decentralized methodology can be less confounded from a construction association point of view, in any case, it raises challenges for the one's kin accused of following the utilization (and misuse!) of group assets(IEEE Transactions on Networking distribution data, 2004). As you can educate, IPv6 is progressive. It gives us a chance to assemble our systems for the next decade of pervasive get section to, notwithstanding, as with any advancement, requires cautious enthusiasm from a wellbeing point. Scans and IPv6 With 18 billion addresses in a /64 subnet, sequential scanning is pointless. Itd take 500,000 years to test a single /sixty-four at one million probes according to second. But, hinted scanning (the use of other resources to gain information on cope with levels) may nonetheless be possible. This can leverage centers consisting of Neighbor Discovery, routing desk, which is, or opposite DNS to discover inclined hosts. Few more threats, which directly Impact on individual works strategy! Same the same number of system advances, effective arrangement of IPv6 depends on the organization of the administrators' IPv6 system. As one center segment in IPv6 system, IPv6 center switch is critical to network building, applications, execution and soundness. At present, standard switch sellers like Cisco and Juniper declare that their switches can bolster IPv6 while some customary IT gear makes, particularly those in Japan, think Internet redesign brought about by IPv6 will change the entire scene of switch business sector, which conveys critical open doors for them to enter switch market. From 2000 to 2002, Hitachi, NEC and Fujitsu declared IPv6-able center switch to increase some piece of the pie in new Internet system. It must be conceded that IPv6 is still in the underlying stage at present, which is reflected in the accompanying viewpoints: most IPv6 system is in trial stage, the quantity of access clients is low, conveyed IPv6 traffics can't be practically identical to IPv 4, the interoperability between IPv6 gear still should be demonstrated, and arrange engineers need in involvement in substantial scale sending and operation of IPv6 system. The absence of information and experience is one of vital causes that make a few administrators need in trust in IPv6 system sending. Numerous administrators take sit back and watch demeanors. Keeping in mind the end goal to demonstrate IPv6 switch (particularly IPv6 center switch), the backing to IPv6, how are they performed and interoperated, give a pragmatic information premise to the administrators to send IPv6 arrange and give a reference to gear produces to assess and enhance their hardware, BII(Beijing Internet Institute) team up with 6TNet (IPv6 Telecom Trial Network) in China tried IPv6 center switches from 4 merchants (Fujitsu, Hitachi, Juniper and NEC) in Beijing from Amplification (DDoS) attacks IPv6 Security infrastructure IP Security Trendy IP safety mechanisms Affords Authentication Confidentiality What else can we do approximately it? Start the use of IPv6 without delay We have been looking forward to ideal IPv6 greater than 15 years - it does now not paintings Until IPv6 is used we can now not find out any problem Select native IPv6 connectivity (anywhere you could) It is a final answer for future (IPv4 will be switched off later) Native IPv6 is greater relaxed than unattended tunneled visitors! Ask vendors and creators of requirements to repair problems Greater requests improve problems on the seller side Standardization of IPv6 is not enclosed procedure. everybody can make a contribution or comment the requirements Prevent pretending that IPv6 do not have any problems IPv6 have were given many issues Troubles cannot be solved by way of overlaying them Unreliable facts brought about damaged trust among customers. The bare truth is usually higher than the fine dressed lie. So, these mentioned bulletins and listed vulnerabilities related IPv6, are the current challenges user has to face and pass through the solution. To overcome the subsidized security issues for IPv6(Park, Hirai and Kaneko, 2015). Conclusion The exchange of data over the web is an exceptionally confused procedure which requires appropriate instruments to guarantee that clients get quality administrations in the most limited time ever. One approach to authorize this is using web conventions which can be characterized as acknowledged benchmarks and controls deciding how data is exchanged starting with one PC then onto the next. Tending to is a noteworthy part of accessible web conventions all the more so in view of the extensive number of web clients everywhere throughout the world. To implement this, two prevalent tending to components exist; IPV4 and IPV6. The reason for this paper is to highlight the history and the components of these conventions together with their related qualities and shortcomings. The paper additionally highlights the related costs included while executing the two conventions. The paper finishes up by investigating the future and patterns of the two tending to conventions. IPV4 or web convention fo rm 4 follows its inception from the time the web was found. It can be credited as a consequence of different activities and endeavors by Defense Advanced Research Project Agency in the better part of 1970's. The underlying convention was executed as TCP (exchange control convention) however resulting improvements have seen the two components being isolated. The actuality IPV4 was intended to take a shot at shut settings implied that the engineers ignored such issues like security and access instruments. However with the presentation and promotion of the web, IPV6 began to be utilized as a part of the "open, non trusted, unsecured, outside system situations. In ensuing years the development of the web was enormous, a condition which raised significant issues with respect to the accessible number of location spaces for each and existing web gadget. This saw beginning endeavors started towards the advancement of another convention IPV6. IPV6 or web convention rendition 6 is begun off as an exertion by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in the mid 90's to address different confinements that were displayed by IPV6. The principle and starting center was fixated on the need to take care of the issue of insufficient location space. In 1994 the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG) affirmed IPV6 and the ensuing norms were embraced by IETF in 1998. IPV6 is regularly alluded to as the Next Generation Internet Protocol or just IPng despite the fact that it is being put into practice in most web devises today. Larger part of web clients use IPV4, a convention which has been around for very nearly thirty years. IPV4 was intended to go about as a connectionless method of conveyance particularly on the system join layer. This implies it doesn't promise conveyance of information bundles in an exchanged system. IPV4 utilizes 32 bit or 4 byte addresses which imply that the biggest conceivable location space is constrained t o 232 unmistakable locations. Furthermore the bundle size of an IPV4 parcel is just restricted to 64 kilobytes of dataIPV4 locations are introduced in a one of a kind way which fuses the utilization of decimal in the middle of numeric values regularly alluded to as dab decimal documentation. Case in point 192.168.0.3 whereby every octet speaks to a particular identifier in the whole system. The principal octet speaks to the subnet cover of the system while the last three octets recognize a particular system client or the host. IPV4 offers discretionary IPSec security component despite the fact that the bundle header incorporates checksums to improve information honesty. Anybody willing to set up a system which will utilize IPV4 tending to must physically arrange the system or consolidate the important utilization of the DHCP server. IPV4 utilizes both raunchy and classfull tending to systems. Classfull tending to utilizes the utilization of different classes to allocate system addresses in light of the host, new net work and even save alternatives for future system clients. Then again ridiculous tending to is the most widely recognized today since it utilizes the utilization of prominent subnet covers. The Internet Management Group Protocol (IMGP) deals with these subnets and is in charge of designation and safeguarding of extraordinary reason addresses. IPV4 utilizes the customary technique for television tending to all hubs in a system before starting an information exchange process. A portion of the deficiencies present in IPV4 are tended to in IPV6. The most unmistakable components separating IPV6 from IPV4 is in the size and number of location space. IPV6 bolsters address space of 128 bits in length twice as that of IPV4. This implies the convention can bolster the same number of locations as up to 295 for basically every person on the planet earth. Aside from the one of a kind element there are different changes that make IPV6 significantly more predominant than IPV4. "The IPV6 bundle incorporates vital components, for example, higher versatility, better information honesty, QoS highlights, auto setup instruments that make it sensible notwithstanding for higher quantities of powerfully associating gadgets, enhanced steering accumulation in the spine, and enhanced multicast directing". The location structure of an IPV6 client is made out of up to 40 octets which is maybe in charge of the vast number of accessible location spaces. These locations are spoken to in two particular coherent divisions which are isolated by colons not at all like decimals in IPV6. The primary area speaks to the subnet cover while the second alternative stands speaks to the host. A noteworthy issue that raises a great deal of concern is worried with the systems to be received to move from IPV4 to IPV6. This is the place a considerable measure of expenses are assessed both fiscally and as far as system execution. Issues like location determination exhibits the greatest test. There must be some characterized method for guaranteeing that clients relocate from IPV4 to IPV6 with no impact on system execution, nature of administration and most critical loss of vital client information. The issue of legacy hardware suppliers is additionally anticipated that would raise some genuine concerns. There must be particular produces of system supplies that will adequately bolster IPV6.Network Address Translation (NAT) is one of the best ways to deal with balance the above difficulties. IPV4 is a vital convention that has been being used for a long while however because of the actuality the accessible locations may get constrained, it is vital that clients of web receive IPV 6. IPV6 is intended to tackle a large portion of the issues and impediments in IPV4. The testing angle is worried with reception methods and how clients will react to the expected changes. The way that the convention is being utilized by some web clients shows the status and the fittingness of the innovation. What next? Well, either has to overcome with current challenges and their solutions. Or work on it and come up with a unique solution to hit above the current situation, Hope for best! Indeed! References Deep Kaur, K. (2015). Effective Energy Constraint Routing with On-Demand Routing Protocols in MANET. AJNC, 4(2), p.21. DERA issues free virus protection. (2001). Network Security, 2001(6), p.4. Eom, H. (2007). Information-Dynamics-Conscious Development of Routing Software: A Case of Routing Software that Improves Link-State Routing Based on Future Link-Delay-Information Estimation. The Computer Journal, 51(2), pp.144-161. Huang, Y. and McKinley, P. (2003). Tree-based link-state routing in the presence of routing information corruption. Computer Communications, 26(7), pp.691-699. IEEE Transactions on Networking publication information. (2004). IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 12(1), pp.c2-c2. Javaid, M. (n.d.). Outsourcing Information Security: Contracting Issues and Security Implications. SSRN Electronic Journal. Kleerekoper, A. and Filer, N. (2015). Perfect link routing for energy efficient forwarding in geographic routing. Ad Hoc Networks, 30, pp.46-62. Kumar.N, A. and Grace Selvarani, A. (2015). Efficient Routing in Zigbee Wireless Network using Shortcut Tree Routing. International Journal of Computer Applications, 117(2), pp.23-28. MATSUMOTO, T. and TAKENAKA, T. (2008). Overlap Degree Aware Routing in All-Optical Routing Networks. IEICE Transactions on Communications, E91-B(1), pp.212-220. Park, J., Hirai, Y. and Kaneko, K. (2015). Fault-tolerant Routing in Dual-cubes Based on Routing Probabilities. Procedia Computer Science, 69, pp.66-75. Thanh Long, N. (2015). Research on Innovating, Evaluating and Applying Multicast Routing Technique and Genetic Algorithm for Routing Messages in Service - Oriented Routing. IOTCC, 3(3), p.42. Valentini, G., Abbas, C., Villalba, L. and Astorga, L. (2010). Dynamic multi-objective routing algorithm: a multi-objective routing algorithm for the simple hybrid routing protocol on wireless sensor networks. IET Commun., 4(14), p.1732. Watanabe, M. (2004). Networking, Networking, Networking, Networking, Networking. Nature, 430(7001), pp.812-813. Yang, S., Jiang, J. and Chen, P. (2013). OOPProPHET: A New Routing Method to Integrate the Delivery Predictability of ProPHET-Routing with OOP-Routing in Delay Tolerant Networks. JCP, 8(7). Zhao, D., Wu, C., Hu, X. and Liu, H. (2011). Virtual Area Routing: a Scalable Intra-Domain Routing Scheme. Advanced Engineering Forum, 1, pp.320-324.

What Is Curriculum free essay sample

According to Portfolio, more than 120 definitions of the term appear in the professional literature devoted to curriculum, presumably because authors are concerned about either delimiting what the term means or establishing new meaning that have become associated with it (as cited in Marsh, 2009). They range from basic definitions, What we actually teach (Schmoozer, 2011) to more complex and multifaceted definitions. Leslie O. Wilson writes: Anything and everything that teaches a lesson, planned or otherwise.Humans are born learning, thus the learned curriculum actually encompasses a combination of all of the below the hidden, null, written, political and societal etc Since students learn all the time through exposure and modeled behaviors, this means that they learn important social and emotional lessons from everyone who inhabits a school from the Janitorial staff, the secretary, the cafeteria workers, their peers, as well as from the deportment, conduct and attitudes expressed and modeled by their teachers. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Curriculum? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As cited in Wilson, 2005) Although there are various definitions of the term, it must be recognized that auricular encompasses more than a simple definition. In spite of its elusive character, it is the writers opinion that curriculum is the set of prescribed guidelines mandated by a school, college, district, or state on what is deemed important for a student to learn in any given academic subject area. These guidelines are then used as the criteria for the completion of a certain level of education.This portion of the definition is especially relevant for high school and collegiate curriculum as the completion of the guidelines result in the acquisition of a degree, diploma, or artifice. It is also the writers opinion that curriculum consists of the total learned experiences one has inside and outside a given stage of academia. The first definition represents more of what curriculum actually is in schools today and the latter, what curriculum should include.In an attempt to defend the definition, it is important to look at both parts separately. With the current push toward common core state standards throughout the country, states are attempting to streamline what is taught in schools. The idea is that if everyone is consistent in what they are caching, all students will be equally prepared for college and the workplace. This translates to the development of a set of guidelines that are deemed most important for a student to learn. According to N. E.Stators, The majority of definitions given, however, tend to see curriculum as a document consisting more or less of the general aim, objectives, content, methodology, and methods of evaluation of an educational process (Stators, 2006). We have also seen this since the implementation of the No Child Left Behind Act (2001). Guidelines were set to schools and districts molded their curriculum to meet these guidelines. While many agree with the main concept of the act, some view these guidelines as unrealistic. Critics also argue that the act limits many schools curriculum development by only focusing on reading and math, giving the impression that the other subjects are not The second definition emphasizes that curriculum deals with the as important. Total learned experiences in and outside the school or institution. According to Allan Orenstein and Francis Hunks, curriculum deals with the learners experiences. By this definition, almost anything planned in or outside of school is part of curriculum (Orenstein Hunks, 2013, p. ). This theory lends itself to a more flexible curriculum, where educators and students have more freedom in the direction the curriculum goes. A. V. Kelly also supports this theory and defines curriculum as the totality of the experiences the pupil has as a result of a provision made (as cited in Stators, 2006). As stated earlier, it is the writers opinion that this is the direction in which curriculum should move toward.The writer believes in avian structure in terms of what is taught but there is also a need for teachable moments which provides teachers and students with leeway to explore academically. Currently, curriculum is seen by many educators as a check list of learning objectives that must be completed in preparation for a particular assessment. Larry Cuban and Baffle Cohn say that, Certain subjects, such as reading and math, are emphasized at the expense of subject matter that has moral, creative, and emotional value (as cited in Orenstein Hunks, 2013, p. ). Although there is retreat value in the creation of standard curriculum guidelines, there is also great value in an organic and creative learning process. Teachers and students both benefit when they have the freedom to explore and create their own learning paths using a standard curriculum as a guideline. Ronald Doll states, Every school has a planned, formal acknowledged curriculum, but it also has an unplanned, informal and hidden one that must be considered (as cited by Orenstein Hunks, 2013, p. ). Orenstein and Hunks further explain that, The planned, formal curriculum focuses n goals, objectives, subject matter, and organization of instruction; the unplanned, informal curriculum deals with psychopathology interaction among students and teachers, especially their feelings, attitudes, and behaviors (Orenstein Hunks, It would be an understatement to say that curriculum has many 2013, p. 9). Definitions.

Discuss the mindbody problem

Discuss the mind/body problem, including variables, process, and determinism. Show you understand the positivists solution of psychophysical parallelism and how it solves the m/b problem. When dealing with the mind/body issue the concern is A) is the body directly connected to the physical (brain) events, or B) mental events are separate and through the separateness cause brain events to change their course. To understand the mind/body issue as the positivist seen it one first needs to understand what their thoughts were on the terms "variable" "process theory" and "determinism". A variable is a property that can take on more than one value. Example is gender only two values, verses, color that has many different colors. Process theory has to have relevant variables (positions velocities and masses of each planet relative to each other and the sun) items have to be consistent with each other in order to make observations. Process theory permits perfect predictions on the assumption that the theory is based on closed systems. (star and gravitational pull) Determinism is events in nature that are lawfully related. Determinism can never be proven to be true, because it uses inductive reasoning; meaning generalization is made be a limited # of observations. Until an observation can be proven false its is true. Determinism may be falsified by empirical data. You must sate your theory in such a way that if you find false observations they can be found out through observation. Because of falsifiability of science it separated itself form other system of thoughts. The way in which the mind/body problem is solved for the logical positivists is by Psychophysical parallelism. Psychophysical parallelism says two kinds of events need to occur, a) brain events and b) mental events. The when the brain is in a particular state then the mind will be in a corresponding state. ( the following is directly from the hand out) Altho...

Top Female Leaders Around the World Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Top Female Leaders Around the World - Article Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that Gordon Ramsay is one of the strictest yet swanky leaders on earth. He is a master chef and his students learn and follow his leadership. His demeanor tells that he answers to no one and always defines his own set of parameters. There would hardly anyone who would argue that this man doesn’t possess leadership abilities. If someone can swear his kitchen staff on BBC television. then what else do one need to know if has leadership qualities or not? A black African American woman, who earns $200 million every year and has a net worth of over $2 billion, these credentials speak for themselves. Oprah is the queen of female celebrities, her show is one of the most popular shows on US national television. Without her leadership abilities, she would never have been able to cut through the male dominant society. She has her own production house and runs many charities, she is one great leader.  The CEO of Apple Inc., Tim Cook holds the throne to the biggest corporations on this planet. However, his leadership is under question. He has leadership qualities there is no doubt about it but to be able to lead the likes of a tech giant like Apple, it requires more than just leadership, it requires Jobs’ like leadership which many believe that Tim Cook lacks in. if he truly is a wrong choice for Apple Inc. only time will tell but at the moment, Apple Inc. in the hands of Tim Cook is facing serious criticism. Sarah Palin was the 11th governor of the state of Alaska. Although she is a successful politician there were some lacking in the leadership department. When she ran for the presidential elections in 2008, she received the lowest vote of confidence from the public.

Water from Iceland. Bottled Water Industry Speech or Presentation

Water from Iceland. Bottled Water Industry - Speech or Presentation Example In his mind, as the case tells us, he had business thoughts in his mind. Since his tour in Europe, fully funded by his parents as his graduation present, the waters of Ice land fully captivated him. For one reason, he felt that he would do good business if he started a company that was to import this water to the United States. Ice land did not have any industries. Mainly, it relied on the fish export business for its income. The idea kept ticking in his mind until he made up his mind to conduct a market research for the viability of his idea. Later in this presentation, I will discuss his findings after the research. After much thought, perhaps he realized he was more business oriented as he went into the research full throttle. It is interesting to find a fresh graduate contemplating on becoming an entrepreneur at the expense of a full time job. However, due to his business acumen, Otis was ready to make his idea a reality in case he found the industry viable enough. He was certain that if the idea were successful, the company would be a success. Water from Ice land tasted wonderful. In comparison to the United States water, what he tasted during his trip was great. He considered an imports company that would import water from Ice land and bottled it in the United States for the United States market. Armed with a business idea in his mind, he went to the market to conduct a market research about the American bottled water industry. ... Further, he gathered that there were several types of drinking water in the market. These were treated or processed water, mineral water, sparkling water, effervescence water and spring well water. Through the entire investigation, he realized that no water was from European region. This was a big opportunity for him. To make his dreams even appear more real, he realized that the consumption of water was increasing with time. Four reasons were responsible for this growth. Among these factors was increased awareness among the consumers of the impure nature of the city water supplies, increased dissatisfaction with the taste and odour of the city water, rising social influence and the increased desire for consumption of caffeine, sugar, and other coffee substances as well as soft drinks. Further, the highest consumers of bottled water were in the states of California, Texas, Florida, New York and Arizona. He also found out that the industry made numerous profits annually both on the re tail and wholesale business. For instance, in 2001, a total of $6.5 billion accrued from wholesale alone and $7.7 billion in retail. In the recent years, some companies had started importing water. Although this kept rising, between 1998 and 2000 the volumes had declined. He discovered that ice land in specific accounted for only 0.05% market share of the total water imported into the United States. With this information, Otis extended his research on two significant countries in his imported water from Ice land. The United States bottled water regulation and the economic condition of Ice land. Regulation of the bottled water industry in the United States was both at the federal government level and by various states government levels. While some states had stringent

Theories for Optimistic Personality Traits: A Reflection

Theories for Optimistic Personality Traits: A Reflection Eunice Khong Ee Thian Question 2 (a) I am an optimistic person. Optimism is an individual variable. It embodies the extent to which individuals hold generalized expectancies for their future. Persons with high level of optimism have better subjective well-being when facing adversity. Researches also pointed that optimism has been associated to higher levels of engagement coping and lower level of avoidance. Optimism also linked with health-protective behaviors (Carver, Scheier, Segerstrom, 2010). I always believe that there are always good thing waiting for me ahead. I always look thing in the bright side. No doubt that disappointments and sadness will happen sometimes but I prefer to face challenges and difficulties positively and believe all the problems can be solved one day instead blamed on the problems and others. I always find ways and take actions to solve problems rather than avoid facing them. For instance, during exam, I believe myself can do well in the papers instead of failing them. As optimism also highly associated with resilience which is bouncing back power when facing adversity, I found that the intensity of my optimistic behavior is high and this lead me to have high level of resilience because I do not easily bow to difficulties. (b) I have born in a positive family environment. My parents are also very optimistic. No matter how difficult the situations were, they always showed me and taught me to face adversity positively when I small until now. I am the only child in my family; no doubt my parents will put the most care and attention on me. However, they do not too pamper me. They like my friends and let me make my own decisions. They respect my decisions and also will give me suggestions when I’m making decisions as some guidelines for me. The respect that they gave me made me have confident to face all the challenges positively. As an example, they let me to choose the course that I want to study and which university I want to go to further my study. They do not restrict my freedom but encourage me to pursue my own dreams. Thus, my optimistic behavior has to thank for my parents as they made me have the courage to enrich my life. Besides that, the environment I join is supportive. I like to join with persons who have positive thinking because they make me feel active, fresh and energetic. When in school, I prefer to join friends with positive behaviors. The supports and encouragements that they gave me also is one of the reasons that made me have optimistic behavior. For instance, I have a group of friends who I used to organize events with them in secondary school. I enjoyed the moment when we organized events because no matter how tired we were, we will support each other to across the difficulties together happily but not blame on each other. This also influenced me to be optimistic. (c) Biopsychosocial model integrates biological, psychological and sociocultural factors for explaining a behavior. Optimistic behavior can affect a person biologically. Plenty of researches figured out that optimists have higher survival rate from illness than pessimists. Optimists tend to have better physical health and mental health compare to pessimists. This may because of optimists have greater persistent goal pursuit and active coping with stressors while confronting adversity (Carver, Scheier, Segerstrom, 2010). According to the study of Schou, Ekeberg, Ruland (2005), optimists have greater fighting spirit when facing illness hence they may have better quality of life compare to pessimists (as cited in Carver, Scheier, Segerstrom, 2010). I have skin allergies since I am 9 years old. It is very itchy and irritated when it started. Optimistic behavior braces me up to fight with this disease bravely as I realized that I should not tie by this issue since I have other more signifi cant things are waiting for me to complete rather than always depress on this disease. I feel more relax and less burden when I started to view the disease from the bright side. Besides that, optimistic behavior also helps in coping stress. Individuals with optimistic behavior can cope with stress better and less depresses and has less adverse impact on their physical health (Carver, Scheier, Segerstrom, 2010). For instance, optimistic behavior helps me to survive through many exams. Exams are stressful event. I can cope with the stress during exams with optimistic behavior such as learn to relax instead of nervously prepare for exams. Optimistic behavior also will affect a person psychologically. People will have different feelings and reactions when encountering problems such as enthusiasm or anxiety. How a person feels is related to the differences level of optimism. Optimists expect good outcomes while pessimists expect bad outcomes (Carver, Scheier, Segerstrom, 2010). This will influence a person attitude and behavior. Optimists will have positive attitude and behavior such as hopeful, helpful, enthusiasm and persistent. However, pessimists will have negative attitude and behavior such as hopelessness, easily give up and fragile. Optimistic behavior has helping me a lots in shaping me to become positive. According to my friends, I am the kind of happy-go-lucky and cheerful person. This behavior has helped me earn a lot of precious friendships. Furthermore, according to the study of Sdberg Ness and Segerstrom (2006), optimists are using various types of coping strategies in confronting adversity such as problem- focused coping and engagement coping to solve problems. However, pessimists are always using avoidance coping and disengagement coping while facing challenges (as cited in Carver, Scheier, Segerstrom, 2010). Optimists always learn how to solve problems while pessismists always avoid to face problems and prefer to stay in their comfort zone. For example, me and my parents tried a lot of ways to cure my allergies problem rather than doing nothing and keep on depress. From sociocultural perspective, optimistic behavior is associated with the social environment and culture around an individual. Optimists have better social connections and easier be accepted by others than pessismists as people like someone who express positive thinkings rather than negative expectations (Carver, Scheier, Segerstrom, 2010). Optimists gain more social support from the surrounding. I accepted by my frirends as I always express positive thinkings and feelings to them hence I gain supports from them. Culture will also influence a person’s behavior, believe and thought. Individuals who in a culture which full of negative thoughts, anxiey and sadess are easily become pessimists. In the other hand, if a culture always promote positve, enthusiasm and hopeful atmosphere, individuals are more optimistic. For instance, in my family culture, my parents always encourage me to view thing from the positive side. Therefore, I learn to be optimistic after be edified by my parents. In conclusion, my optimistic behavior is not caused by only one factor. Parents, peers and the people surroundings play an important role in helping me to build optimistic behavior. Hence, people should work together and take in every aspect such as biological, psychological and sociocultural factors as consideration in building children positive characteristics. References Carver, C., Scheier, M., Segerstrom, S. (2010). Optimism. Clinical Psychology Review, 879-889.